Фемофлор скрин, мазок

Femoflor Screen (real-time PCR) evaluates the vaginal microflora and identifies urogenital pathogens in a single assay. It assists in the workup of inflammatory conditions such as vulvovaginitis, bacterial vaginosis, and nonspecific vaginitis, and supports diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections. The test is used to guide targeted antimicrobial therapy, to document treatment response, and to reassess the vaginal microbiocenosis after therapy. Femoflor-Screen (RT-PCR) also helps clarify the etiology of gynecologic disease when absolute pathogens such as Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, or Trichomonas vaginalis are suspected by PCR.

Infectious and inflammatory diseases of the female urogenital tract represent a leading share of gynecologic pathology worldwide, with reported frequencies ranging from 30% to 80%. Conditions driven by opportunistic flora may be overt or silent; asymptomatic courses delay care and increase the risk of complications. Such dysbiotic states are associated with a higher likelihood of sexually transmitted infections, including syphilis, trichomoniasis, gonorrhea, chlamydial infection, and HIV. When not recognized in a timely manner, infections due to opportunists can contribute to reproductive dysfunction, spontaneous abortion, preterm delivery, intrauterine infection, low birth weight, postoperative complications after pelvic surgery, and postnatal morbidity. In women of reproductive age, Lactobacillus spp typically dominate the normal vaginal flora. Microbiocenosis is assessed by comparing the abundance of Lactobacillus spp with the total bacterial load; preserved normoflora is suggested when no meaningful discrepancy exists between these measures. A marked reduction in lactobacilli relative to the overall bacterial mass often accompanies sexually transmitted infections or indicates dysbiosis of varying severity, with expansion of conditionally pathogenic organisms such as Gardnerella vaginalis, Prevotella bivi, Porphyromonas spp, Eubacterium spp, and Candida spp. Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular bacterium; certain serovars cause trachoma and lymphogranuloma venereum. Genitourinary chlamydial infection is common, spreads predominantly through sexual contact, can be transmitted intrapartum, and nonsexual contact may occur. It is the most frequent cause of nongonococcal urethritis and is reported more often in women; during pregnancy it is associated with preterm birth, miscarriage, low birth weight, and fetal loss. Human cytomegalovirus, a herpesvirus, establishes lifelong persistence and is frequently asymptomatic in immunocompetent hosts but poses risk in immunodeficiency and during pregnancy. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a gram-negative diplococcus that causes gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted infection; about 80% of infected individuals are sexually active persons aged 16–30 years. Women are often asymptomatic until complications arise; symptoms may include yellow or yellow-white vaginal discharge, dysuria, intermenstrual bleeding, lower abdominal or perineal pain, and vulvovaginal burning or pruritus. Trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoan that causes trichomoniasis; it thrives at pH 4.9–7.5 and 35–37 °C, localizes to the urogenital tract, and utilizes glycogen produced in the estrogenized vaginal epithelium, leading to higher detection in reproductive-age women. Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum are conditionally pathogenic organisms that can adhere to spermatozoa and urogenital mucosa; in women they may cause vaginitis and cervicitis, and with immune compromise, endometritis or adnexitis with risks of ectopic pregnancy and infertility. In pregnancy, U. urealyticum has been linked to cervical insufficiency, miscarriage, chorioamnionitis, infants with weight less than 2500 g, neonatal pneumonia and bronchopulmonary dysplasia, bacteremia, and meningitis. Real-time PCR enables species-level detection, including difficult-to-culture organisms, while also providing quantitative information. The method’s high analytical sensitivity and specificity and rapid turnaround make it well suited for the laboratory assessment of infectious disorders of the urogenital tract.