Бак посев отделяемого из цервикального канала на инфекции мочевых путей (OYRON WELL D-ONE)

Microscopic evaluation of vaginal, cervical, and urethral smears (urogenital flora) is used to characterize the female genital tract microbiota by light microscopy, typically after Gram staining (bacterioscopy). The test supports diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis and can identify select sexually transmitted infections detectable on smear, including candidiasis, trichomoniasis, and gonorrhea. It also aids in the differential diagnosis of disorders involving the genital and urinary systems and is applied to monitor the effectiveness of therapy for urogenital infections. In reproductive care, the assay is used for preconception assessment and routine pregnancy evaluations—commonly at initial prenatal registration and again at 30 and 36 weeks—as well as in the workup of infertility and recurrent pregnancy loss.

The normal microflora of the female genitourinary tract comprises roughly 40 different microbial species. In reproductive-age women, lactobacilli predominate and typically account for 95–98% of the vaginal flora. The remaining 2–3% consists of conditionally pathogenic organisms such as staphylococci, streptococci, corynebacteria, klebsiellae, Escherichia coli, Gardnerella, and anaerobes (including bacteroides, prevotella, micrococci, Mobiluncus vibrios, enterococci, peptococci, peptostreptococci, veillonellae, clostridia, eubacteria, campylobacter, and fusobacteria). Yeasts of the genus Candida may be present in small amounts. Lactobacilli support mucosal defense by generating hydrogen peroxide and lactic acid, which, in the presence of glycogen, maintain an acidic environment (pH 3.8–4.5). This acidity restrains overgrowth of opportunistic organisms and suppresses pathogenic species. Shifts in host or environmental factors—such as decreased immunity, stress, metabolic disturbances, use of broad‑spectrum antibiotics, anti‑inflammatory, immunosuppressive, or hormonal therapies, physiologic hormonal transitions (establishment of menses, pregnancy, menopause, postpartum and post‑abortion periods), and poor personal hygiene—can disrupt this balance, allowing rapid proliferation of opportunists and disease expression. Reduction in lactobacilli can precipitate dysbiosis with expansion of opportunistic microbes; without timely treatment this imbalance may contribute to inflammatory diseases of the external and internal genital organs (e.g., endometritis, salpingitis, oophoritis), complicated pregnancy, miscarriage, and is one of the causes of infertility. Microscopic examination of female urogenital smears provides a semiquantitative estimate of total microbial burden across the vagina, cervix, and urethra; delineates the composition of the microflora; identifies specific pathogens associated with sexually transmitted infections (such as trichomoniasis and gonorrhea); assesses the condition of the vaginal epithelium; and gauges the presence and degree of inflammation by the leukocyte response. Smears are stained by the Gram method to enable rapid classification of organisms as gram‑positive or gram‑negative; in gynecologic specimens, normal flora is characterized chiefly by gram‑positive rods representing lactobacilli (lactomorphotypes).