Группа крови и резус-фактор

ABO and Rh(D) Typing (blood group and Rh factor) establishes a patient’s ABO group and Rh status to guide transfusion support, obstetric management, and donor screening. Results inform selection of compatible red blood cells and other components, help assess risk for hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn in Rh-negative pregnancies, and provide permanent identification for medical records and emergency care.

Among more than 30 red cell antigen systems and over 250 recognized erythrocyte antigens, the ABO and Rh systems are most critical for transfusion safety. In the ABO system, antigens A and B are expressed on red cells, while naturally occurring IgM antibodies (anti‑A and anti‑B) circulate in plasma. Depending on antigen–antibody combinations, four ABO groups are defined: group O (about 42% in European populations) lacks A and B antigens and has both anti‑A and anti‑B; group A (≈37%) expresses A antigen with anti‑B; group B (≈13%) expresses B antigen with anti‑A; and group AB (≈8%) expresses both antigens and lacks anti‑A and anti‑B. The Rh system comprises several antigens, of which D (Rh factor) is most clinically significant; approximately 85% of individuals are Rh positive. ABO group and Rh type are genetically determined and remain stable throughout life. ABO/Rh determination underpins blood component selection for transfusion and is also considered in pregnancy to evaluate and manage immune incompatibility between mother and fetus. Compatibility assurance typically combines separate typing of donor and recipient, an individual serologic crossmatch of donor red cells with recipient serum, and, where applicable, bedside biologic checks during initial transfusion. Because ABO/Rh typing relies on hemagglutination, factors that disrupt agglutination can yield spurious reactions. Recent transfusion may mask the patient’s intrinsic type for months due to circulating donor red cells. Paraproteinemia (M‑protein), cold‑reactive antibodies, or certain bacterial interferences can produce false‑positive or false‑negative results. Atypical or autoimmune antibodies may complicate interpretation. Poor collection technique with sample contamination, as well as some hematologic disorders (eg, leukemia) that alter plasma composition, can also impede accurate typing. Certain medications may affect Rh typing reactions. Careful preanalytic handling and confirmatory testing protocols mitigate these risks.